Trade-offs between democratic principles and instrumental gains

Citizens’ perceptions of democratic behavior change to rationalize policy gains

How do people decide between standing firm on democratic principles and losing out on their preferred policies? A recent study suggests that people actually avoid making this choice by changing their understanding of democracy and democratic behavior to fit their policy preferences. Across 22 democracies, a researcher found that citizens across the ideological spectrum perceived a politician’s undemocratic behavior as democratic when they promoted a desired policy. Conversely, they perceived democratic behavior as undemocratic if they disagreed with the promoted policy. This study suggests that citizens do not explicitly forgive or ignore violations of democracy, but rather convince themselves that no violation occurred as long as their preferred policies are supported. Rationalizing citizens may take the mindset that what is good for the country in terms of policy is good for the country’s democracy.

Differing definitions of democracy may shape acceptance of democratic violations and political participation

A related article argues that citizens conceive of democracy by prioritizing its instrumental values (i.e., its usefulness in delivering socioeconomic and political goods) or its intrinsic values (i.e., its ability to fulfill principles of popular sovereignty, liberty, and individual dignity). Researchers established four broad categories of people across 72 countries based on how they ranked features of democracy: Principle-Holders (prioritize intrinsic values), Benefit-Seekers (prioritize instrumental values), Fence-Sitters (prioritize a mix), and Agnostics (non-responses to many rankings). Principle-Holders are more likely to engage in political activity to push for democratic transition in authoritarian societies, but are less likely to engage in “street politics,” such as demonstrations, in democracies. Benefit-Seekers and Fence-Sitters are more likely to support authoritarians in both contexts—willing to give up democratic principles for real or promised political, policy, and material benefits. The authors suggest that to strengthen support for democracy, we should focus not just on helping governments deliver, but also on bolstering the intrinsic value of democracy.

Do you have a study we should share for a future Facty Friday? Send an email to drg.el@usaid.gov!